Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor Structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

It is important to answer the question of how countries should design their Financial and banking Structures to achieve low stable inflation rates. This paper investigates the effects of Financial and banking Structures on inflation in Iranian economy from 1987 to 2016 using FMOLS method. Our findings reveal that the effect of bank-based Financial Structure on inflation is negative. From different indices for banking Structure, deposit money bank assets can reduce inflation significantly. Moreover, the one-to-one relationship between liquidity and inflation, as monetarists claim, is applied only when the impact of Financial Structure and banking Structure is considered in regression. These findings, generally, are in the support of designing a less unbalanced Financial Structure and promoting the Financial strength of banks in order to lowering the inflation.

It is important to answer the question of how countries should design their Financial and banking Structures to achieve low stable inflation rates. This paper investigates the effects of Financial and banking Structures on inflation in Iranian economy from 1987 to 2016 using FMOLS method. Our findings reveal that the effect of bank-based Financial Structure on inflation is negative. From different indices for banking Structure, deposit money bank assets can reduce inflation significantly. Moreover, the one-to-one relationship between liquidity and inflation, as monetarists claim, is applied only when the impact of Financial Structure and banking Structure is considered in regression. These findings, generally, are in the support of designing a less unbalanced Financial Structure and promoting the Financial strength of banks in order to lowering the inflation.

This study examines the impact of Financial flexibility on firms' capital Structure for the firms accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1378 to 1386. The Financial flexibility is defined by the stages in life cycle including birth, growth and maturity, and data analysis is performed by multiple regression method.The results show that rising firms issue equity and safe debt and maintain moderate leverage ratios. Firms in growing stage use debt financing mechanism and maintain high leverage ratios, and firms in mature stage rely on internal equity and maintain lower leverage ratios. The results of this research are consistent with the tradeoff theory, but not with the pecking order theory in the field of developing firms.

Companies need Financial resources to grow and managers need to make important decisions about utilizing various Financial resources and the appropriate capital Structure that maximizes shareholder value. Against this backdrop, the present research aims to examine the relationship between Financial leverage replacement use in capital Structure and tax avoidance in companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. In doing so, we used a sample of 1026 observations. The statistical model used for testing the hypotheses in this research is panel data. The results of testing the first hypothesis reveal a negative, significant relationship between the Financial leverage use and tax avoidance which is according to the effect of Financial leverage replacement. The result of testing the second hypothesis reveal that the effect of Financial leverage cost on the relationship between Financial leverage use and tax avoidance is significant. Analysis of the effect of control variables indicates that company size, and growth opportunities have significant positive and profitability, dividend and collateral have significant negative effects on Financial leverage use.